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health benefits of exerci

Posted by shamser On Wednesday, July 21, 2010 0 comments

health benefits of exerci

the health benefits of aerobic exercise, are not obvious as the health risk of cigarette smoking. nevertheless, people who lead sedentary lives, without much more exercise, have been found to be at greater risk for heart disease and other illnesses. researchers at harvard and standford recently reported the reasult of major study of 17000 middle age and older men who were first studied as collage, students between 1928 and 1950 and then followed up periodically for many decades. the researches even at moderate, levels ,lived longer then those who did not even after correcting for such factors as family history , the death rate due to heart disease of the least active group was almost twice as high at that for the most active group. another recent study found that both men and women who keep physically fit were much less likely to develop high blood preasure ( a common precursor of heart disease) then those who did not keep fit. exercise may reduce the risk of heart disease and other disease in several ways. first there is evidence that regular exercise can favorably alter blood levels of different forms of which in turn may be related to the likelihood of place forming in coronary or tries second exercise can improve the health of overweight people by helping them to lose weight . then third exercise often has physical benefits, helping to relieve.

smoking

Posted by shamser On Wednesday, July 14, 2010 0 comments

in 1964, the surgeon general of the united states issued a famous report concluding that cigarette smoke is a direct causes of lung cancer. and since 1966, every pack of cigarettes in the united states has carried a health warning. more recently, the major role of smoking in causing heart disease has been firmly

established. smoking has been conclusively linked to many others disease as well as, including bronchitis, emphysema, layne, cancer, and pancreatic cancer. there is also maubnting evidance that simply being exposed to other people's smoke increases the risk of lung disease, especially in children despite these deadly effects, however, about 35 percent of adult men and 25 percent of adult women in the united states smoke cigarettes, averaging one and a half packs a day for a nationl grand total of some 600 billion packs a year expartment of health and human services, cigarette smoking is generally viewed as the most important behaviral risk to health, it has became a central concern of health psychologists.



marriage and fimily

Posted by shamser On Tuesday, July 13, 2010 0 comments


it is eriksen's claim that early adulthood revolves around the basic choice of intimacy versus isolation a failureto established close, loving or intimate relationships is said to result in leneliness nad longer periods of social isolation. marriage is certainly not the only source of interpersonal intimacy,but it is still the first choice for most americans. more young adults then ever before are post poning marriage plans

stress

Posted by shamser On Monday, July 12, 2010 0 comments

stress
the term stress has been defined in several different ways sometimes. the term is applied to stimuli or events in our enviroment that make physical and emotional and physical reactions to such stimuli or events as stressor and to emotional and physical reactions as stress.

many sorts of events of can be stressor, including disaster such as hurricanes or major life.events such as device or the loss of a job, and daily hassles such as having to wait in line at the supermarket. when you need to be somewhere else in ten munites . what all these events have in common is that they interfere with or threaten our accustomed way of life, when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. how well we succeed in doing so will determine. how serious a toll the stress will like on our mental and physical well being.

population growth

Posted by shamser On 0 comments

population growth

population growth has both positive and negative impacts upon economic development, on positive side, it may be viewed as stimulant to economic progress,increasing demand for goods and services, which may lead to increase in investment. on the negative side, paradoxically rapid population growth can be impediment to economic progress, affecting to quality of life. all countries at time have some people living there, this number constitutes the size of population of that country at that time. this number however goes on continuously changing through births,deaths and immigration. in increase in the number of people in a country changing a period of time is called the growth of population. this growth is mainly due to excess of birth over deaths, as immigration in the present day world is an insignificant contributor to the increase in population in a country.

the rate of growth of population during a period is measured as the ratio of increase in population during a period to the total population at the beginning of the period. the growth rate of growth of population primarily depends upon the birth rate (measured as total number of birth thousand of population) the difference between birth rate and death rate,during a year is called the rate of growth of population in that year per 1000 population for example in 1999 the birth rate was 26.1 and death rate was 8.7. thus natural growth was 17.4 percent per thousand of population.

banks

Posted by shamser On 0 comments

banks

in the pervious lession you learnt that commercial banks usually provide short term finance to busoiness firm of leans and advances cash credit, overdraft, etc. but now a days, most of the commercial banks have also started term leading (long and medium term) and providing need based finance, of different time periods to firms of all sizes. consistent with the policy of liberalization, the banks have been allowed to evolve their own methods of assesing financal needs of the borrowers and extend them the term, loans for longer size and larger periods some of the banks have also started their industrial branches to finance exclusively to industrial enterprises. thus the commercial banks also now act as an important sources of medium term and long term finance for the business.




you know that a larger number of cooperative banks are new being operating in our country. these banks have the license from the RBI to operate like commercial banks. they also some times provide long term finances to small and medium scale cooperative industrial

direct marketing

Posted by shamser On Sunday, July 11, 2010 0 comments

direct marketingUnder this method of distribution the manufacturers by pass the chain of middlemen and approach the consumers directly and sell them the goods and services, without the help of wholesales and retailers. the manufactures inform the prospective customers about their products and its uses through advertisements (in newspapers, television FM, radio) or cataloges etters and brochures. if the customers wants to buy the product, he/she may place an order to the manufacturers over the telephone or through a letter sent by post or E-mail, the products. gets delivered to the customer through courier, post or by salespersons. the benefit of direct marketing to the producer as well as consumer is in the form of doing away with the profit margin of middlemen. the manufacturer able to the supply goods to the consumer at a lower price, even after keeping a larger share of profit margin as compared to the situation of distribution through middlemen. also, the time consuming process of the product changing hands from the producer to the wholesaler, then to the retailer and finally to the consumers, is avoided transactions are faster when the producer is face to face with the consumer also, the producer gets direct, feedback from the customers for improvement in the products.

importance of public sector enterprises

Posted by shamser On Friday, July 9, 2010 0 comments

importance of public sector enterprises
we know that all enterprises in our country are not public enterprises. there is mixed economic in our country and the private as well as the public sector contribute to the development of our economy. however there are only some selected areas in which the government establishes its enterprises for a balanced development of the economy and promote public sector. there are several areas where huge investment of capital is necessary but the margin of profit is either meager or it can be obtained only after a large period as in case of generation of supply of electricity ,machine, building construction hesitate to establish their enterprises in this areas but they can not be neglected in public interest. as such these enterprises are established and run by the government. similarly the public enterprises also help in balance regional development by promoting industry in every part of the country. for example, with the establishment of balance sheet plant, in madhya pradesh , several new small industries have came up in that state.

industrial progress is of ulmost importance for the development of the country and for this, its necessary that some basis industries like oil, coal, iron and steel production of heavy electrical goods etc. are to be fully developed .public enterprises give impetus to the development of this basic industries and also help in the development of the private sector with their products and services. there are some industries which require heavy capital investment an account of technical reasons. electricity power production of gas, heavy machinery tools, production of telephone etc, are such industries.

cash and banking

Posted by shamser On 0 comments

cash and banking

in every business organization cash and banking two types of transactions care in help in its smooth operations, cash includes not only coins and paper money but also cheques and bank credit cards are also included under it. hence it payment and receipts are made through cash that is called cash transaction. business firm has to maintain cash book. for the recording of cash transactions and large amount of receipt and payment, firm has to maintain bank account hence when payments and receipts are made on the basis of banking system and using instruments like cheque, drafts etc that is known as banking transaction.

scope of accounting

Posted by shamser On Thursday, July 8, 2010 0 comments


  1. on the basis of practice the scope of accounting is vary wide, which can be explained as number:
  2. trading corporation; every business organization has to use accounting system for the determination and to present as a proof of evidence.
  3. non trading concern;the organization which is established to provide service not to earn profits also have to use account about to know incomes and expenditure and total assets and liabilities of that concern.
  4. individual and professional organization: the accounting system is more practicable for individual to maintain total income and expenditure as well as professional incomes. for example doctors, lowyer,have to maintains it for this actual records.
  5. government organization: government office have to use account to maintain their record about public revenue and expenditures.


long term debt means replacing short debt with securities of longer maturity. long term debt often is called funded debt it is one of major long term source of financing. the big firm can raise fund by selling long term bonds / debenture in the open market. debt holders becomes the creditor of the debt issuing company. there is a claim on firm' s income and assets as stated in the bond contract is called indenture. the right,facilities. obligation of are indicated in the indenture. the rights, facilities obligation of invastors are indicated in the indenture there are many types of long term debt instruments i.e. tern loan, debt secured and censecured notes marketable and non marketable debt and so on features of long term debt. feature of long term debts are as follows:

  • the debt holder usually dose not have the right to vote.
  • if the bonds go into default. the debt holder in effect taken control of the company.
  • the debt holder does not participate in supervisor profit.
  • interest payment on debts is debuctible as tax expenses.
  • debt usually has a fixed maturity date.


common stock shares represent shares represent the ownership position in a company. the holder of common shares called common stock are the source of permanent capital since they do not have a maturity date. for the capital contributed by share they are entitled for dividends. the amount or rate of dividend is not fixed. it is decided by the company. shareholders bear the risk of ownership. they are entitled to dividends after the income claims of other have been satisfied similarly when the company is owned up. they are can exercise their claims on assets after the claims of other suppliers of capital have been meet. future of common stock
  1. priority to assets and earnings the common stockholders have a residual ownership claims on the earnings and assets of their corporation.
  2. par value : the par value of each of the common stock in Nepal is rs 100.
  3. authorized, issued and outstanding shares : the corporate charter of a company specific the number of authorized shares of common stock. the maximum that the company can issue without amending its charter. when the shares of common stock are sold. they become issued shares. all or some portion of shares is purchases and actually held by investors. which are called outstanding shares.
  4. voting rights: common stockholders have right to vote in company affairs in most of common stock each shareholder can cost one vote for one share.
  5. capital in excises of par value : found received in excises of par value who a firm sells of new stock is called additional paid in capital.
  6. maturity: the company can't redeemed in the mid of the life of the organization.
  7. retained earnings: retained earnings are the balance sheet account that indicates the total amount of earnings. the firms has not paid as dividend throughout its history. this earnings have been reinvested in the firm.
  8. the book value par share: the book value of each common stock is the equal to common equity. consisting of the sum of common stock paid in capital and retained earnings divided by number of share outstanding.


we use a large variety of goods and services in our daily life. these include items like toothpaste, soap, oil, clothes, food items , telephone electricity and many more. how do all these goods and services reach our home? obviously the business houses. who produce the goods and services have to ensure that these are to be sold, and so they have to make the consumers/ users a were of their products and place them at points convenient to the consumers. this involves a number of activities such as product planning, promotion, use of middlemen,wholesalers, retailer etc. for sale warehousing, transportation etc. all these activities taken together are termed as marketing. in this lesson, we will learn about the concept of marketing, its importance, services and functions.

we know that the businessman produces goods and services for use. these are not necessarily produced at the places where the consumed or used. even in villages, now a days you find the products manufactured all over india and in other countries. this implies that manufacturers must be making efforts to ensure that their products are in demanded and reach the ultimate consumers all over the globe. so on when you go to the market to buy a ready made shirt you find that there are several potions available to you in terms of quality of clothes used design, colour and price etc.

trade is an integral part of commerce. it simply refers to sale , transfer or cxchange of goods andservices. it helps in making the goods and services available to ultimate. the manufacturers of who produce in bulk or large quantity generally find it very difficult to sell those goods directly to the consumers. the seasons may be distance of the consumers from the place of manufacturers, or the quantity, of the product bought at one point of time , the problem of payment and so on. hence they utlise the service of some. firms or individuals who buy goods from the manufacturers and sell it to the consumers. for example, the local grocery shop owner sells grocery items to the consumers after buying it from the manufacturers. sometimes he buys it from the wholesalers who buy goods in bulk from the manufacturers and sell it to him. it may be noted that the wholesaler as well as the grocery shop owners are said to be engaged in trading. thus, the features of trade can be summed up as follows:

  • It involves actual buying and selling of goods.
  • it refers to producing goods from one place person to sell it to another person or at another place.
  • trades, also known as middleman facilitate the distribution of goods.
  • trading helps equalising demand and supply. for example, the state of pamay be producing plenty of rice without much demand for it in its own state.

FINANCIAL PLANNING

Posted by shamser On Thursday, July 1, 2010 0 comments


you know that every business unit whether it is an industrial established a trading concern or a construction company needs founds for carrying on its activities successfully. it requires founds to acquire fined assets like machines, equipments, furnitures etc and to purchases, raw materials or finished goods, to pay its creditors, to meet its, day. to day expenses, and so on. in fact availability of adequate finance is one of the most important factors for success in any business. however the requirement of finance, now a days , its so large that now individual is in a position to provide the whole amount from his personal sources. so the businessman has to depend on another sources and use various ways to raise the necessary amount of founds. in the previous lessons you learn about the sources and methods of raising founds. you know that the process of raising founds require considerable amount of time and cost. this has its own costs. hence' every businessman has to be very careful not only in assessing the firm's requirement of finance. in this lession, you will learn about the process of estimating the firm's finical requirements and deciding on the pattern of finance.

AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

Posted by shamser On 0 comments

AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

land is a crucial factor of production of a country. land is use for growing crops. raising forests. constructing roads, factories, houses and so on. cultivable land is the source of food and crops both for human beings and animals. it is also a source of raw materials for most industrial products. you can imagine what will happen if the amount of land is insufficient or the land available for cultivation is not properly managed. in that case we will not sufficient food, our animals will not get enough fodder and our industries will starve of raw materials.

they are regarded as the key to economic development and progress. both sector of the economy share a mutually beneficial relationship. this is clear from a study of the economic history of modern industrialization in countries like U.S.A. U. K. and JAPAN.

agriculture meets people's demand for food. industry meets people's demand for others goods like clothes , books, shoes, cars etc. both food and nonfood items are essential for human beings. so far as satisfaction of wants is concerned, agriculture and industry are complementary to each other both must grow. industry alone can not progress without progress of agriculture and vice- verse therefore there is interdependence between agriculture and industry. "interdependence means that agriculture and industry depend on each other.

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